all 4 free 4 us

W.O. Kilmer, R. Kilmer
Wiley | 0471109533 | 2001 | PDF | 256 pages | 25 Mb








DESCRIPTION


Provides a "real-world" perspective on the preparation of construction documents.
* Highly visual book with extensive drawings and details.
* Essential reference for NCIDQ examination.

As interior designers assume an expanding role coordinating interior projects, producing construction drawings has become even more integral to their job. Construction Drawings and Details for Interiors: Basic Skills, Second Edition, provides interior designers with the information and skills they need to create construction documents that clearly communicate the interior space of new construction, remodeling, or installation projects.

In a highly visual format, complete with the authors' drawings as well as those from practicing professionals, this book acquaints the reader with drafting fundamentals and conventions; drawing types, plans, and schedules; and computer-aided design (CAD). The book is organized in two parts:

Part One discusses graphic language as a communication tool in design and architecture

Part Two details the construction document process, from overall concepts and organization to current practices and topics such as floor plans, sections, elevations, millwork, schedules, finish and furniture plans, lighting and electrical plans, HVAC and plumbing plans, and preparing specifications

This updated Second Edition features expanded coverage of the preparation and communication of construction documents in digital formats; drawing interior wall and partition types; field measuring existing buildings and interiors; as-built drawings; demolition plans; fire and life safety plans; sustainability and LEED standards; as well as a new companion Web site supplying template grids for schedules and contract documents for practice exercises.

An essential reference for designers and students preparing interior construction documents, Construction Drawings and Details for Interiors: Basic Skills, Second Edition will also serve as a valuable study reference for the contract documents section of the NCIDQ exam.


LIST OF CONTENT


Part I—Drawing, Equipment, and Fundamentals 1

CHAPTER 1 DRAWING AS COMMUNICATION 3
Drawing for Idea Generation 3
Drawing as a Design and Presentation Media 6
Drawing as Guide for Construction 6

CHAPTER 2 DRAFTING EQUIPMENT AND ITS CARE 9
Drawing Tables and Surfaces 9
Drawing Papers and Plastic Films 10
Pencils, Leads, and Pens 11
Parallel Bar, T-Square, and Drafting Machines 14
Triangles, Templates, and Compasses 15
Scales 17
Erasers, Erasing Shields, and Brushes 18
Additional Equipment 20

CHAPTER 3 DRAWING AND DRAFTING FUNDAMENTALS 21
Starting the Drawing 22
Line Types 24
Drafting Standards, Abbreviations, and Symbols 26
Lettering 27

CHAPTER 4 DRAWING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS 31
Multiview Drawings 31
Single-view Drawings 32
Perspective Drawings 37

Part II—Contract Documents 47

CHAPTER 5 CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND CONTRACTS 49
Specifications 49
Contracts 51
Construction Drawings 52
Guidelines for Preparing Construction Drawings 59
Drawing Conventions and Representations 64

CHAPTER 6 FLOOR PLANS 77
Scale of Floor Plans 81
Drafting Standards 81
Dimensioning Floor Plans 93
Designation of Materials 96
Checklist for Floor Plans 97

CHAPTER 7 ELEVATIONS 99
Exterior Elevations 101
Interior Elevations 102
Scale of Interior Elevations 102
Drafting Standards for Interior Elevations 104
Designation of Materials 108
Dimensioning Elevations 110
Checklist for Interior Elevations 112

CHAPTER 8 SECTIONS 113
Types of Section Drawings 115
Drafting Standards 117
Building Sections 117
Sections of Interior Spaces 118
Wall Sections 119
Detail and Object Sections 121
Checklist for Section Drawings 122

CHAPTER 9 SPECIALTY DRAWINGS AND DETAILS 123
Purpose of Specialty Drawings 123
Stairs and Ramps 123
Millwork 129
Cabinetry 132
Fireplaces 136

CHAPTER 10 SCHEDULES 141
Door Schedules 144
Checklist for Door Schedules 148
Window Schedules 149
Checklist for Window Schedules 150
Finish Schedules 151
Checklist for Finish Schedules 152
Other Schedules 152

CHAPTER 11 FINISH PLANS 153
Scale of Finish Plans 156
Drafting Standards for Finish Plans 156
Designation of Materials in Finish Plans 157
Dimensioning Finish Plans 159
Checklist for Finish Plans 159

CHAPTER 12 FURNITURE INSTALLATION PLANS 161
Scale of Furniture Installation Plans 165
Drafting Standards for Furniture Installation Plans 165
Dimensioning Furniture Installation Plans 168
Designation of Materials 168
Checklist for Furniture Installation Plans 170

CHAPTER 13 FURNISHINGS AND EQUIPMENT PLANS 171
Scale of Drawings 175
Drafting Standards 175
Designation of Materials 177
Dimensioning of Furnishings and Equipment Plans 178
Checklist for Furnishings and Equipment Plans 178

CHAPTER 14 REFLECTED CEILING AND ELECTRICAL PLANS 181
Reflected Ceiling Plans 182
Electrical Plans 195

CHAPTER 15 MECHANICAL AND PLUMBING PLANS 201
Mechanical (HVAC) Plans 202
Plumbing Plans 207
Drafting Standards for Plumbing Drawings 210

CHAPTER 16 REPRODUCTION METHODS AND COMPUTERS 213
Reproductions of Drawings 214
Using Computers for Design, Communication, and Drafting 216

Appendix A MasterFormat™ Level Two Numbers and Titles 219
Appendix B Section Format Outline 225
Appendix C Sample ADA Guidelines 227
Appendix D Abbreviations for Construction Drawings 231
Glossary 233
Index 239


EDITORIAL REVIEW


Well thought out and addresses almost all of the major topics that interior designers need. I was elated with its comprehensiveness."

-Martin Zelnik

W. Kymmell
McGraw-Hill | 0071494537 | 2008 | PDF | 270 pages | 16 Mb







DESCRIPTION


In-depth information on BIM techniques and tools being used by major
construction companies.
This is the first in-depth explanation of Building Information Modeling concepts,
tools and techniques as applied to both new and retrofit construction projects. By
using this combination of 3D CAD (Computer Aided Design) and 4D animations,
you can dramatically improve communication, coordination and planning of
construction projects while reducing risks and costs.


LIST OF CONTENT


Chapter 1: Introduction to BIM
Chapter 2: Simulations
Chapter 3: Tools
Chapter 4: Construction Management Education
Chapter 5: Case Studies


EDITORIAL REVIEW

Keith Moskow
McGraw-Hill Professional | 2008 |PDF | 208 pages | 47 Mb







DESCRIPTION


A vital working tool for all building professionals interested in green architecture and construction, Sustainable Facilities presents an in-depth look at 20 facilities that were designed for environmental organizations and were constructed and now operate using green building methods and materials.

Featuring contributions by leading architects in green building, this expert resource examines each building_from planning through operations-- covering new construction, energy-efficient design, operational cost savings, historic preservation, renovation and expansion, land conservation, and LEED ratings.

Packed with 200 black & white and full-color illustrations, Sustainable Facilities takes readers through the Woods Hole Research Center… Chesapeake Bay Foundation Environmental Center…Conservation Law Foundation Headquarters… Marion Art and Environmental Center… …Thoreau Center for Sustainability… California EPA Headquarters Building…Forestech Centre…Institute for Forestry and Nature Research…and many other facilities. This skills-building reference features:

Discussions of 20 facilities_from planning to operations
Contributions by leading architects in green building
Answers to FAQs about sustainable methods and materials
Guidance on the advantages and obstacles involved with green projects
Methods for weighing up-front costs against operating costs for facilities
Essential for architects, engineers, and contractors, Sustainable Facilities presents state-of-the-art guidance on all the materials, methods, and costs needed for success in green design and building.

A groundbreaking resource in the literature of green architecture and construction, Sustainable Facilities offers building professionals everywhere a compelling, in-depth look at 20 facilities that were designed for environmental organizations and were constructed and now operate using green building methods and materials.

Written by award-winning architect Keith Moskow, together with a team of leading architects in green building, the book focuses on the unique challenges of each building—from planning through operations-- covering new construction, energy-efficient design, operational cost savings, historic preservation, renovation and expansion, land conservation, and LEED ratings.

Sustainable Facilities also explores the advantages and obstacles building teams face on green projects, and explains how to weigh up-front costs against operating costs for facilities.

In addition, this cutting-edge reference provides answers to many frequently asked questions about sustainable methods and materials such as:

How did the design process differ from that of a conventional building?
Has the building performed up to expectations?
Were the initial building costs higher than conventional costs?
What effect has the building had on its users?
Has the building changed people's perceptions of sustainability?
Filled with 200 outstanding black & white and full-color illustrations, Sustainable Facilities examines a wide range of noted green buildings in the U.S., Europe, and Australia, including:

Woods Hole Research Center (Falmouth, MA)
Conservation Law Foundation Headquarters (Boston, MA)
Appalachian Mountain Club's Highland Lodge (Crawford Notch, NH)
Doyle Conservation Center, (Leominster, MA)
Bay Education Center (Providence, RI)
Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Philip Merrill Environmental Center (Annapolis, MD)
PEEC Visitor Activity Center (Dingmans Ferry, PA)
Gwinnett Environmental and Heritage Center (Gwinnett County, GA)
World Birding Center (Rio Grande, TX)
Kresge Foundation Building (Troy, MI)
National Outdoor Leadership School Headquarters (Lander, WY)
National Park Service, Carl T. Curtis Midwest Regional Headquarters (Omaha, NE)
California Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters (Sacramento, CA)
Thoreau Center for Sustainability (San Francisco, CA)
IslandWood (Bainbridge Island, WA)
Marion Art and Environmental Center (Marion, IA)
The Robert Redford Building (Santa Monica, CA)
Federal Environmental Agency Headquarters (Dessau, Germany)
The Forestech Centre (East Gippsland, Australia)
Institute for Forestry and Nature Research (Wageningen, Netherlands)
Authoritative and up-to-date, Sustainable Facilities now equips architects, engineers, and contractors with a state-of-the-art guide to green design, construction, and operations. The reference contains information on materials, methods, and costs that will enable them to take an integrated team approach to green design and building for facilities of all kinds.

About the Author
Keith Moskow is principal of Moskow Linn Architects, a firm specializing in sustainable and environmentally sensitive architecture. He has won awards from the American Institute of Architects, The Boston Society of Architects, The Municipal Arts Society of New York, The Centre for Critical Architecture, San Francisco, and AIA Chicago. Mr. Moskow is also the author of Houses of Martha's Vineyard.


LIST OF CONTENT


1 Appalachian Mountain Club, Highland Lodge and Education Center,
Crawford Notch, New Hampshire 2
2 The Doyle Conservation Center, Leominster, Massachusetts 12
3 Conservation Law Foundation Corporate Headquarters, Boston, Massachusetts 22
4 Woods Hole Research Center, Gilman Ordway Campus, Falmouth, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 32
5 Bay Education Center, Providence, Rhode Island 42
6 Pocono Environmental Education/Visitor Activity Center, Dingmans Ferry, Pennsylvania 52
7 Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Philip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis, Maryland 62
8 Kresge Foundation Headquarters, Troy, Michigan 72
9 Gwinnett Environmental & Heritage Center, Buford, Georgia 82
10 Marion Arts and Environmental Center at Lowe Park, Marion, Iowa 92
11 Carl T. Curtis, Midwest Regional Headquarters Building, National Park Service, Omaha, Nebraska 102
12 World Birding Center, Mission, Texas 112
13 National Outdoor Leadership School Headquarters, Lander, Wyoming 122
14 IslandWood, Bainbridge Island, Washington 132
15 The Joe Serna, Jr.—California Environmental Protection Agency (CALEPA) Headquarters Building, Sacramento, California 142
16 The Thoreau Center for Sustainability, San Francisco, California 152
17 The Robert Redford Building for the Natural Resources Defense Council, Santa Monica, California 162
18 Forestech, Baimsdale, Australia 172
19 Federal Environmental Agency, Dessau, Germany 182
20 Institute for Forestry and Nature Research (IBN), Wageningen, The Netherlands 192


EDITORIAL REVIEW

A. Williams
Butterworth-Heinemann | 1856175502 | 2008 | PDF | 624 pages | 4 Mb







DESCRIPTION


Structural Analysis Rules of Thumb provides a comprehensive review of the classical methods of structural analysis and also the recent advances in computer applications. The prefect guide for the Professional Engineer's exam, Williams covers principles of structural analysis to advanced concepts. Methods of analysis are presented in a concise and direct manner and the different methods of approach to a problem are illustrated by specific examples. In addition, the book include the clear and concise approach to the subject and the focus on the most direct solution to a problem. Numerous worked examples are provided to consolidate the readers? understanding of the topics.

Structural Analysis Rules of Thumb is perfect for anyone who wishes to have handy reference filled with equations, calculations and modeling instructions as well as candidates studying for professional engineering registration examinations. It will also serve as a refresher course and reference manual for practicing engineers. Registered professional engineers and registered structural


LIST OF CONTENT


PART 1: ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
1 PRINCIPLES OF STATICS
2 STATICALLY DETERMINATE PIN-JOINTED FRAMES
3 ELEMENTS IN FLEXURE
4 ELASTIC DEFORMATIONS
5 INFLUENCE LINES
6 SPACE FRAMES

ANSWERS TO SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
SUBJECT INDEX

PART 2: ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
1 STATICAL INDETERMINACY
2 VIRTUAL WORK METHODS
3 INDETERMINATE PIN-JOINTED FRAMES
4 CONJUGATE BEAM METHODS
5 INFLUENCE LINES
6 ELASTIC CENTER AND COLUMN ANALOGY METHODS
7 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHODS
8 MODEL ANALYSIS
9 PLASTIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
10 MATRIX AND COMPUTER METHODS
11 ELASTIC INSTABILITY
12 ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANALYSIS

ANSWERS TO SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11


EDITORIAL REVIEW

O.P. Larsen
Architectural Press | 0750682639 | 2008 | PDF | 208 pages | 10 Mb







DESCRIPTION


In structural terms reciprocal frame structures are 'three dimensional assemblies of mutually supporting beams'. But behind this definition lie some breathtakingly beautiful and complex structures at the heart of buildings both ancient and modern. This new book explores the principles of these apparently simple structures and demonstrates how they can be used in the context of a modern building. Starting with historic designs by de Honnecourt, Da Vinci and Serlio, the book presents the wealth of possible RF morphologies, and investigates the geometrical, structural and practical design issues of reciprocal frames.

The case studies look at stunning examples of reciprocal frame architecture that range from low environmental impact buildings and self built examples in the UK and USA, to the fascinating and elegant structures of the Puppet Theatre in Seiwa, Tokyo's Spinning House, Sukiya ?Yu house, The Toyoson Stonemason museum and the Life Sciences Laboratory – Torikabuto in Japan. The book is designed to inform and inspire architects and structural engineers alike, and brings to life a structural system whose principles have been used for thousands of years.


LIST OF CONTENT


Introduction;
Background – the reciprocal frame historically;
Morphology;
Geometry;
Structural behaviour;
Japan – a home of RF structures;
The reciprocal frame architecture of Kazuhiro Ishii;
Torikabuto – the Life Science Laboratory designed by Yoichi Kan;
The Stonemason Museum by Yasufumi Kijima;
The reciprocal frame as a spiritual structure – the work of Graham Brown;
Built examples;
Postscript


EDITORIAL REVIEW

T.W.F. Russell, A.S. Robinson, N.J. Wagner
Cambridge University Press | 0521886708 | 2008 | PDF | 402 pages | 4 Mb






DESCRIPTION


This text allows instructors to teach a course on heat and mass transfer that will equip students with the pragmatic, applied skills required by the modern chemical industry. This new approach is a combined presentation of heat and mass transfer, maintaining mathematical rigor while keeping mathematical analysis to a minimum. This allows students to develop a strong conceptual understanding, and teaches them how to become proficient in engineering analysis of mass contactors and heat exchangers and the transport theory used as a basis for determining how critical coefficients depend upon physical properties and fluid motions. Students will first study the engineering analysis and design of equipment important in experiments and for the processing of material at the commercial scale. The second part of the book presents the fundamentals of transport phenomena relevant to these applications. A complete teaching package includes a comprehensive instructor’s guide, exercises, case studies, and project assignments.

• An original, practical course design developing a systematic approach to the analysis and design of mass and heat transfer equipment • Emphasizes the similarities between mass and heat transfer at both the equipment and transport phenomena scales • A pragmatic presentation of traditional transport phenomena, without complicated mathematical manipulation, this is an accessible treatment for a broad range of chemical and engineering backgrounds • With the focus on engineering analysis, students learn the skills required by the chemical process industry • Concise, focused and clearly presented, an instructor can work through key concepts in a semester, with more time for effective student interaction • Includes an instructor and students guide, end of chapter problem sets, design case studies, project assignments, full referencing


LIST OF CONTENT


Part I:
1. Introduction;
2. Chemical reactor analysis;
3. Heat exchanger analysis;
4. Mass contactor analysis;

Part II:
5. Conduction and diffusion;
6. Convection mass and heat transfer;
7. Estimation of interfacial area in mass contactors;
8. Design case studies.


EDITORIAL REVIEW

K. Mobley, L.R. Higgins, D.J. Wikoff
McGraw-Hill Professional | 0071546464 | 2008 | PDF | 1200 pages | 24 Mb







DESCRIPTION


The most comprehensive resource of its kind, Maintenance Engineering Handbook has long been a staple for engineers, managers, and technicians seeking current advice on everything from tools and techniques to planning and scheduling. This brand-new edition brings you up to date on the most pertinent aspects of identifying and repairing faulty equipment; such dated subjects as sanitation and housekeeping have been removed.

Maintenance Engineering Handbook has been advising plant and facility professionals for more than 50 years. Whether you're new to the profession or a practiced veteran, this updated edition is an absolute necessity.

New and updated sections include:
Belt Drives, provided by the Gates Corporation
Repair and Maintenance Cost Estimation
Ventilation Fans and Exhaust Systems
10 New Chapters on Maintenance of Mechanical Equipment

Inside:
• Organization and Management of the Maintenance Function • Maintenance Practices • Engineering and Analysis Tools • Maintenance of Facilities and Equipment • Maintenance of Mechanical Equipment • Maintenance of Electrical Equipment • Instrumentation and Reliability Tools • Lubrication • Maintenance Welding • Chemical Corrosion Control and Cleaning


LIST OF CONTENT


Section 1: Organization and Management of the Maintenance Function
Section 2: Maintenance Practices
Section 3: Engineering and Analysis Tools
Section 4: Maintenance of Facilities and Equipment
Section 5: Maintenance of Mechanical Equipment
Section 6: Maintenance of Electrical Equipment
Section 8: Instrumentation and Reliability Tools
Section 9: Lubrication
Section 10: Maintenance Welding
Section 11: Chemical Corrosion Control and Cleaning


EDITORIAL REVIEW

Pietro Lunardi
Springer | 3540738746 | 2008 | PDF | 576 pages | 60 Mb









DESCRIPTION


This work illustrates how the Analysis of Controlled Deformation in Rocks and Soils (ADECO-RS) is used in the design and the construction of tunnels.
The ADECO-RS approach makes a clear distinction between the design and the construction stages and allows reliable forecasts of construction times and costs to be made. It uses the advance core (the core of ground ahead of the face) as a structural tool for the long and short term stabilisation of tunnels, after its rigidity has first been regulated using conservation techniques. Tunnels can consequently be driven in difficult stress-strain conditions to predetermined safety standards with operations industrialised and scheduled precisely.
Thanks to this approach design engineers have been able to employ industrial criteria in tunnel excavation, even under extremely difficult stress-strain conditions.


LIST OF CONTENT


1 The dynamics of tunnel advance 3
1.1 The basic concepts 3
1.2 The medium 7
1.3 The action 9
1.4 The reaction 11

2 The deformation response of the medium to excavation 15
2.1 The experimental and theoretical research 15
2.2 The advance core as a stabilisation instrument 65
2.3 The advance core as a point of reference for tunnel specifications 66

3 Analysis of the deformation response according to the ADECO-RS approach 69
3.1 Experimental and theoretical studies 69
3.2 Numerical analyses 83
3.3 Results of the experimental and theoretical analyses of the deformation response 91

4 Control of the deformation response according to the ADECO-RS approach 93
4.1 Control ahead of the face 95
4.2 Control in the tunnel back from the face 95

5 The analysis of controlled deformation in rocks and soils approach 105

6 The survey phase 121

7 The diagnosis phase 153
7.1 Background 153
7.2 The basic concepts of the diagnosis stage 153
7.3 Identification of sections with uniform stress-strain behaviour 155
7.4 Calculation methods for predicting the behaviour category 159
7.5 Assessing the development of the deformation response 165
7.6 Portals 167
7.7 Final considerations 173

8 The therapy phase 175
8.1 Background 175
8.2 Basic concepts of the therapy phase 177
8.3 Excavation systems 183
8.4 Mechanised or conventional excavation? 185
8.5 Tunnel boring machines in relation to the confinement action they exert 191
8.6 Design using conventional excavation 195
8.7 Stabilisation intervention
8.8 Composition of typical longitudinal and cross sections 209
8.9 Construction variabilities 217
8.10 The dimensions and verification of tunnel section types
8.11 Particular aspects of the therapy phase 225
8.12 Final considerations 237
The construction stage

9 The operational phase 241
9.1 Background 241
9.2 The basic concepts of the operational phase 241
9.3 Excavation 243
9.4 Cavity preconfinement intervention 247
9.5 Cavity confinement intervention 301
9.6 Waterproofing 317

10 The monitoring phase 321
10.1 Background 321
10.2 Basic concepts 323
10.3 Measurement stations 325
10.4 The design of the system for monitoring during construction 333
10.5 Monitoring the tunnel when in service 337
10.6 The interpretation of measurements 343
10.7 Back-analysis procedures 355

Final considerations 371
Appendices
Introduction to the appendices 383

Appendix A The design and construction of tunnels for the new Rome-Naples high speed/capacity railway line ... 385
Appendix B The design and construction of tunnels for the new Bologna-Florence high speed/capacity railway line 413
Appendix C The Tartaiguille tunnel 453
Appendix D Cellular arch technology 471
Appendix E Artificial Ground Overburdens (A.G.O.) 493
Appendix F Portals in difficult ground 509
Appendix G Widening road, motorway and railway tunnels without interrupting use 539


EDITORIAL REVIEW

K.A. Zalka
Taylor & Francis | 0415234832 | 2000 | PDF | 360 pages | 6 Mb







DESCRIPTION


The global structural analysis of buildings can be carried out following two routes. First, sophisticated and complex computer packages based on the finite element method can handle even huge structures with a great number of elements. Second, analytical methods can also deal with whole structures leading to simple closed-form solutions, with the additional benefit of providing fast checking facilities for the computer based methods. This book follows the latter route. As well as describing and solving the complex theoretical problems of bracing systems with real-world examples, the author presents simple procedures and closed-form formulae which make it possible for the practising structural engineer to carry out a general structural analysis of the bracing system of building structures in minutes. Global Structural Analysis of Buildings is a practical reference for professional civil and structural engineers in construction firms, consultancies and building research organisations. The theoretical aspects of the book will appeal to postgraduates, lecturers and researchers of structural analysis and design.


LIST OF CONTENT


1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 General assumptions 3
1.3 The structure of the book 4

2 Spatial behaviour 7
2.1 Basic principles 7
2.2 The equivalent column and its characteristics 8
2.3 The spatial behaviour of the equivalent column 16

3 Stability and frequency analyses 18
3.1 Stability analysis 19
3.1.1 Doubly symmetrical systems—basic critical loads 20
3.1.2 Coupling of the basic modes; combined swaytorsional buckling 26
3.1.3 Concentrated top load; single-storey buildings 32
3.1.4 Shear mode situations 33
3.1.5 Soil-structure interaction 36
3.1.6 Individual beam-columns 41
3.2 Frequency analysis 43
3.2.1 Doubly symmetrical systems—basic natural frequencies 44
3.2.2 Coupling of the basic modes; combined lateraltorsional vibrations 52
3.2.3 Concentrated mass at top level; single-storey buildings 55
3.2.4 Soil-structure interaction 57
3.2.5 Supplementary remarks 60

4 Stress analysis: an elementary approach 63
4.1 Horizontal load 64
4.1.1 Wind 64
4.1.2 Seismic load 65
4.1.3 Construction misalignment 67
4.1.4 Comparisons 68
4.2 Buildings braced by parallel walls 69
4.2.1 Basic principles 70
4.2.2 Load distribution 72
4.2.3 Deformations 75
4.3 Buildings braced by perpendicular walls 76
4.3.1 Load distribution 77
4.3.2 Deformations 81
4.4 Buildings braced by frameworks 82
4.4.1 Frameworks in a symmetrical arrangement 82
4.4.2 Frameworks in an asymmetrical arrangement 83
4.5 Maximum bending moments in the bracing elements 86
4.6 Worked examples 90
4.6.1 Example 1: building braced by parallel walls 90
4.6.2 Example 2: building braced by perpendicular walls 91
4.6.3 Comparison 94
4.6.4 Example 3: building braced by frameworks and a single wall 94
4.7 Discussion 96

5 Stress analysis: an advanced approach 98
5.1 The equivalent column and its load 99
5.2 Deformations of the equivalent column 103
5.2.1 Horizontal displacements 103
5.2.2 Rotations 105
5.3 Deformations of the building 108
5.4 Load distribution among the bracing elements 110
5.4.1 Shear forces and bending moments 110
5.4.2 Torsional moments 121
5.5 Stresses in the bracing elements 126
5.6 Concentrated force at top level; single-storey buildings 129
5.7 Buildings with Ixy=0, subjected to uniformly distributed horizontal load 137
5.8 Worked example: a 6-storey building in London 139
5.8.1 Model: individual shear walls 140
5.8.2 Model: built-up shear walls and cores 144
5.9 Supplementary remarks 149
5.9.1 Frameworks and coupled shear walls 149
5.9.2 Bracing systems with shear or a mixture of shear and bending deformations 150
5.9.3 Special cases—scope for simplification 150
5.9.4 Second-order effects 151
5.9.5 Soil-structure interaction 152

6 Illustrative example; Qualitative and quantitative evaluation 154
6.1 Case 1 155
6.1.1 Critical load 157
6.1.2 Fundamental frequency 159
6.1.3 Maximum stresses and deformations 160
6.2 Case 2 163
6.2.1 Critical load 165
6.2.2 Fundamental frequency 166
6.2.3 Maximum stresses and deformations 167
6.3 Case 3 169
6.3.1 Critical load 171
6.3.2 Fundamental frequency 171
6.3.3 Maximum stresses and deformations 172
6.4 Evaluation 174

7 Global critical load ratio 176
7.1 Global critical load ratio—Global safety factor 177
7.2 Global critical load ratio—Performance indicator 178
7.3 Further applications 181

8 Use of frequency measurements for the global analysis 182
8.1 Stiffnesses 183
8.2 Critical loads 184
8.2.1 Multistorey buildings under uniformly distributed floor load 184
8.2.2 Concentrated top load; single-storey buildings 186
8.3 Deformations 186
8.3.1 Multistorey buildings subjected to horizontal load of trapezoidal distribution 187
8.3.2 Concentrated force at top level; single-storey buildings 189
8.3.3 Deformations of the building 191

9 Equivalent wall for frameworks; Buckling analysis of planar structures 192
9.1 Introduction 192
9.2 Characteristic deformations, stiffnesses and part critical loads 194
9.3 Frameworks on fixed supports 199
9.3.1 The application of summation theorems 200
9.3.2 The continuum model 201
9.3.3 The sandwich model 204
9.3.4 Design formulae 208
9.4 Frameworks on pinned supports 210
9.4.1 Frameworks without ground floor beams 212
9.4.2 Frameworks with ground floor beams 213
9.5 Frameworks with ground floor columns of different height 214
9.6 Analysis of coupled shear walls by the frame model 216
9.7 Frameworks with cross-bracing 218
9.7.1 Shear stiffness and shear critical load 220
9.7.2 Critical loads 224
9.7.3 Structures with global regularity 225
9.8 Infilled frameworks 226
9.9 Equivalent wall for 3-dimensional analysis 228
9.10 Shear walls 230
9.11 Symmetrical cross-wall system buildings 231
9.12 Planar bracing elements: a comparison 233
9.13 Supplementary remarks 236

10 Test results and accuracy analysis 238
10.1 Description of the models 238
10.2 Horizontal load on Model ‘M1’ 241
10.3 Horizontal load on Model ‘M2’ 243
10.4 Comparative analysis of the formulae for horizontal load 245
10.5 Dynamic tests 246
10.6 Stability tests 248
10.6.1 Model ‘M1’ 250
10.6.2 Model ‘M2’ 251
10.6.3 Deformation of the bracing elements 252

11 Evaluation; design guidelines 254
11.1 Spatial behaviour 255
11.2 Stability analysis 255
11.3 Frequency analysis 256
11.4 Stresses and deformations 258
11.5 Structural performance of the bracing system 259
11.6 Stability of planar structures 260
11.6.1 Low-rise to medium-rise (4–25-storey) structures 260
11.6.2 Tall (over 25-storey) structures 263
11.6.3 Structural performance of planar bracing elements 263

AppendixA Cross-sectional characteristics for bracing elements 266
Appendix B The generalized power series method for eigenvalue problems 278
Appendix C Mode coupling parameter κ 283
References 315
Further reading 325
Name index 331
Subject index 335


EDITORIAL REVIEW

M.Y.H. Bangash
Taylor & Francis | 041536437X | 2007 | PDF | 358 | 13 MB







DESCRIPTION


Lifts, elevators and moving walkways/travelators covers specifications, analyses and designs of various types of lifts (elevators), escalators and travelators (moving walkways). It comprises of four sections starting with a general introduction to types of lifts, escalators and travelators. Section II deals with the planning, analysis and design of components or elements of lifts/elevators. Section III covers the analysis of structural elements of moving walks or travelators. Having given description in Section I, it was felt to give again a general introduction together with data on moving walks.

Design analysis of the elements of escalators is introduced in section IV and is fully explained with design examples. The finite element technique forms a prominent part in this section. Section IV is entirely devoted to the design of elements forming escalators. The book has the flexibility to include additional analytical and design topics and case studies.

This book can be used by engineers, technologists, specialists in lifts, escalators or moving walkways. The book is readily available for bureaus who are involve in computer aided works and finite element modeling of steel structures under static and dynamic loads. Civil/structural and mechanical engineers can take advantage of this text and can redesigned in their own installations and other structures. This book is also useful for post graduate mechanical, engineering courses.


LIST OF CONTENT


SECTION I. LIFTS, ELEVATORS, ESCALATORSAND MOVINGWALKWAYS/TRAVELATORS 1

Chapter 1. Definitions of systems and notations for lifts/elevators/escalators and moving walkways 3
Chapter 2. Specifications for the design of lifts or elevators 21
Chapter 3. Design specifications for escalators, moving walkways or travelators 81

SECTION II. LIFTS/ELEVATORS – PLANNING,ANALYSISAND DESIGN OF COMPONENTS 131

Chapter 4. Belt and rope drives 133
Chapter 5. Design analysis of lift elements and components 149
Chapter 6. Lift/elevator travel analysis 197
Chapter 7. Maximum and minimum stopping distances of car and counterweight (Based on US-A17.1) 199
Chapter 8. Elements of super structures – finite element analysis 201

SECTION III. TRAVELATORSAND MOVINGWALKWAYS –ANALYSIS FOR STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 215

Chapter 9. General data on travelators/walkways/autowalks: fire analysis of their components 217
Chapter 10. Elements for supporting structures 265

Appendix I Supporting analysis and computer programs using finite element 283
Appendix II Computer programs 315
Appendix III Dynamic finite element analysis formulations super element and substructuring 341


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